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Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that refers either to the participants in the discourse at hand (eg. I, you) or to someone or something mentioned in that discourse (eg., he, they, those). In Romániço, there are six different types of pronoun: personal, reflexive, possessive, demonstrative, relative, and indefinite.


Personal Pronouns

Strictly speaking, there are only six personal pronouns in Romániço:

mi   I/me   nos   we/us
vi   you   vos   you all
li/lo   he/she/it   los   they/them

In English, one makes no distinction between the singular and plural forms of you, except in the somewhat dialectical expression you all (or y’all); in Romániço, one says vi only when addressing a single person, vos when addressing a group. Those wishing to express a higher degree of familiarity or antiquarian flavor when addressing a single person (eg., to family and very close friends) can use the secondary pronoun ti (“thou/thee”).

Li and lo refer to people and things, respectively:

Escue la postalisto consignin la paco? Sic, li consignin lo an hodie matine.   Did the mailcarrier deliver the package? Yes, they delivered it this morning.

Other languages divide the third person according to gender. This division is not necessary in Romániço, but may be translated by the secondary pronouns ili (he) and eli (she):

Escue la postalisto consignin la paco? Sic, ili consignin lo an hodie matine.   Did the mailcarrier deliver the package? Yes, he delivered it this morning.
Ili dicin che eli dicin...   He said she said...

Whether one uses li, lo, ili, or eli, though, the plural in all cases is los.

All these pronouns refer to specific entities, but there are also two pronouns in Romániço for referring to different types of non-specific entities. The first of these is oni, used to refer to an unspecified person or people in general:

Cui dicin ecuilo ad vi? ‘Oni’. ‘Oni’ multe parlan, no? Sic ya ... sic ya.   Who told you that? ‘They’. ‘They’ talk a lot, don’t they? They certainly do ... they certainly do.
Oni ne custume aplaudan la tenoro pro clarifer sia voço.   One does not applaud the tenor for clearing his throat.
Oni potan gluter pint de sánguino ante malatecer.   You can swallow a pint of blood before you get sick.

The second is id, used to refer to an unspecified thing or circumstance, like the weather: id pluvan “it’s raining”; id semblan ad mi che… “it seems to me that…”


Reflexive Pronouns

A pronoun that refers back to the subject of a clause (eg., English myself, themselves) is called a reflexive pronoun. In Romániço, this is identical to the personal pronouns — except for those in the “third person” (he, she, they, etc.), all of which use si:

Mi vúlnerin mi hodie.   I hurt myself today. Vi vúlnerin vi hodie.   You hurt yourself today. Nos vúlnerin nos hodie.   We hurt ourselves today. Eli vúlnerin si hodie.   She hurt herself today. Los vúlnerin si hodie.   They hurt themselves today.

If one were to use a pronoun other than si in the last two examples, it would mean that the subjects hurt someone else, not themselves:

Eli vúlnerin eli hodie.   She hurt her today. Los vúlnerin los hodie.   They hurt them today.

Bear in mind that si refers only to the subject of the clause that it’s in, which may or may not be the main clause of the sentence.

Eli vidin che ili vúlnerin ili.   She saw that he hurt him. Eli vidin che ili vúlnerin si.   She saw that he hurt himself. Eli vidin ili vulnerer si.*   She saw him hurt himself. Eli vidin ili vulneranta je si.*   She saw him hurting himself.

* An infinitive verb or a participle with a complement counts as a separate clause.


Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns show what belongs to whom, and in Romániço are simply the personal pronouns with adjectival -a added to them:

Mia Deo! Lo es plena de stelos!   My God! It’s full of stars! Cuo es tia mando, mia maestro?   What is thy bidding, my master? Via mulieros, mi volitionan comprer via mulieros. Vendes ad mi via filiisos!   Your women, I want to buy your women. Sell me your daughters! Nuli moves si aut mi rásicun elia tota maschilajo!   Nobody move or I scrape off all her makeup! Ili mangin ilia fígato cun fabos et agradábila Chianti.   He ate his liver with some fava beans and a nice Chianti. Ili mangin sia fígato cun fabos et agradábila Chianti.   He ate his (own) liver with some fava beans and a nice Chianti. Revolutiono es sempre lejasca en la unuésima persono, cuale “nosa revolutiono”. Id es mere en la triésima persono — losa revolutiono — che lo es nelejasca.   Revolution is always legal in the first person, such as “our revolution”. It is only in the third person — “their revolution” — that it is illegal. Ecuila vos sufiçante fortunosa haber incore vosa vivos, prendes los cun vos! Mas lases la membros cua vos perdin; los jam apertinan ad mi.   Those of you lucky enough to still have your lives, take them with you! But leave the limbs you have lost; they belong to me now.


Demonstrative Pronouns

Romániço has two demonstrative pronouns, which are used to indicate a person or thing being referred to in terms of their proximity:

ecuista parva porcucio   this little piggy ecuila parva porcucio   that little piggy

Both words can be used without change as pronouns for the nouns they refer to:

Ecce la du parva porcucios! Ecuista vadin ad mercato. Ecuila restin focare.   There’s the two little piggies! This one went to market. That one stayed home.

When changed into actual nouns (by adding -o to their roots), they mean not only “this/that thing” but “this/that business or fact”.

Ecuista vadin ad mercato, et ecuisto plaçan ad mi, mas ecuila restin focare, et ecuilo iracifan mi.   This one went to market, and this pleases me, but that one stayed home, and that makes me angry.


Relative & Interrogative Pronouns

Relative pronouns refer to an expressed or implied person or thing in another clause; they correspond with English who, what, and which:

Incontres la hómino cua incontrin Andy Griffith!   Meet the man who met Andy Griffith! Incontres la sóriço cua incontrin Andy Griffith!   Meet the mouse that/which met Andy Griffith! Mi ne audin cuo la hómino cua incontrin Andy Griffith dicin.   I couldn’t hear what the man who met Andy Griffith said. Mi ne audin, cuel perturbin mi.   I couldn’t hear, which upset me.

Like in English, Romániço relative pronouns are also used as interrogative pronouns, that is, pronouns used in questions:

Cui incontrin Andy Griffith?   Who (what/which man) met Andy Griffith? Cui es la hómino cua incontrin Andy Griffith?   Who is the man who met Andy Griffith? Cuo la hómino cua incontrin Andy Griffith dicin?   What did the man who met Andy Griffith say?

Interrogative pronouns generally come first in a sentence, but beyond this the word order of Romániço sentences does not alter when made into questions, as it often does in English sentences:

Cui Andy Griffith insultin?   Whom did Andy Griffith insult? Cui insultin Andy Griffith?   Who insulted Andy Griffith?


Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are those that do not refer to any definite person, thing, or amount in particular. Like all Romániço words, they can be changed to other parts of speech by changing their endings:

álica   some álichi   someone álico   something áliche   somehow   nula   no nuli   no one nulo   nothing nule   nohow   omna   every omni   every one, each one omno   everything omne   in every way

And so on.

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